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Piano Sonata No. 27 (Beethoven)
Ludwig van Beethoven's Piano Sonata No. 27 in E minor, Op. 90 was written in the summer of 1814 – Beethoven's late Middle period – and was dedicated to Prince Moritz von Lichnowsky, a friend and benefactor who was also the dedicatee of the famous ''Eroica Variations''.
==History of composition==
Beethoven's previous piano sonata, popularly known as ''Les Adieux'', was composed almost five years prior to Op. 90. Beethoven's autograph survives and is dated August 16. The sonata was published almost a year later, in June 1815, by S. A. Steiner, after a few corrections were made by Beethoven.〔Letters 152–153, in: ''Beethoven's Letters 1790–1826'', Vols. 1–2., translated by Lady Wallace. New York: C.H. Ditson & Co.〕 Beethoven's letter to Prince Moritz von Lichnowsky, sent in September 1814, explains Beethoven's dedication:
I had a delightful walk yesterday with a friend in the Brühl, and in the course of our friendly chat you were particularly mentioned, and lo! and behold! on my return I found your kind letter. I see you are resolved to continue to load me with benefits.
As I am unwilling you should suppose that a step I have already taken is prompted by your recent favors, or by any motive of the sort, I must tell you that a sonata of mine is about to appear, dedicated to you. I wished to give you a surprise, as this dedication has been long designed for you, but your letter of yesterday induces me to name the fact. I required no new motive thus publicly to testify my sense of your friendship and kindness.〔Letter 131, in: ''Beethoven's Letters 1790–1826'', Vols. 1–2., translated by Lady Wallace. New York: C.H. Ditson & Co.〕
Beethoven's friend and biographer Anton Schindler reported that the two movements of the sonata were to be titled ''Kampf zwischen Kopf und Herz'' ("A Contest Between Head and Heart") and ''Conversation mit der Geliebten'' ("Conversation with the Beloved"), respectively, and that the sonata as a whole referred to Prince Moritz' romance with a woman he was thinking of marrying.〔Grove, George. ''Beethoven and his Nine Symphonies'', p. 314. Cambridge University Press, 2014. ISBN 978-1-108068581〕 Schindler's explanation first appeared in his 1842 book ''Beethoven in Paris'' and has been repeated in several other books. Later studies showed that the story was almost certainly invented by Schindler, at least in part, and that he went as far as to forge an entry in one of Beethoven's conversation books to validate the anecdote.〔Clive, H. P. ''Beethoven and His World: A Biographical Dictionary'', p. 207. Oxford University Press, 2001. ISBN 978-0-198166726〕
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